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    MySQL的搭设和基本的增删改操作[ mysql数据库 ]

    mysql数据库 时间:2024-12-24 19:12:11

    作者:文/会员上传

    简介:

    MySQL构建MySQL服务器---->CPU,内存,硬盘(存储)一、安装MySQLyum -yinstall perl-Data-Dumperperl-JSONperl-Time-HiRes//安装依赖文件mysql-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.ta

    以下为本文的正文内容,内容仅供参考!本站为公益性网站,复制本文以及下载DOC文档全部免费。

    MySQL
    构建MySQL服务器---->CPU,内存,硬盘(存储)
    一、安装MySQL
    yum -yinstall perl-Data-Dumperperl-JSONperl-Time-HiRes//安装依赖文件
    mysql-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar
    mysql-community-client-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-common-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-devel-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-embedded-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-embedded-compat-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-embedded-devel-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-libs-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-minimal-debuginfo-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-server-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    mysql-community-test-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
    rpm -Uvh mysql-community-*.rpm //源码包安装
    rpm -qa |grep -i mysql//查看安装玩后状态
    查看配置文件
    ls /etc/my.cnf
    启动服务
    systemctl status mysqld
    systemctl status mysqld
    ps -C mysqld
    netstat -utnalp |grep :3306

    数据目录
    ls /var/lib/mysql/

    grep mysql /etc/passwd 查看所有者所属组
    修改表

    修改MySQL密码
    #ls /var/log/mysqld.log
    #grep password /var/log/mysqld.log查看本地数据库的初始化密码
    #rpm -qf /usr/bin/mysql
    #mysql -hlocalhost -uroot -p‘密码’
    mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;//修改密码只验证长度
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    mysql> set global validate_password_length=6;//修改密码长度为6
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    mysql> alter user user() identified by "123456"//修改登陆密码

    使用永久配置文件
    vim /etc/my.cnf
    validate_password_policy=0
    validate_password_length=6

    把数据存储到数据库服务器上的过程
    1、连接数据库服务器
    客户端自己提供连接工具(图形 命令行)
    --命令行使用mysql
    2、创建库(文件夹)
    创建库
    --库名可用数字,字母,下划线
    --不能是纯数字,关键词,特殊符号
    create database 库名;
    查看已有库
    show databases;
    删除库
    drop database 库名;
    切换库
    use 库名;
    查看库里已有的表
    show tables; //表,相当于系统文件
    查看当前所在的库
    select database();

    3、建表(文件)
    create table 库名.表名(
    字段名 字符类型,
    字段名 数值类型,
    ......name char(10)
    ......age int
    );
    插入表记录
    insert into 库名.表名 values(值列表);

    查看表结构
    describe 表名
    查看表记录
    select * from 库名.表名
    删除表记录
    delete from 库名.表名
    删除表
    drop table

    mysql数据类型
    支持的数据类型有那些?
    --数值型:体重、身高、成绩、工资
    --字符型:姓名、工作单位、通信地址
    --枚举型:兴趣爱好、性别
    --日期时间型:出生日期、注册时间

    数值类型:整型、浮点型
    根据存储数值的范围整型类型为:
    tinyint smallint mediumint int bigint
    unsigned 无符号

    浮点型:根据存储数值的范围分为
    单精度(n,m) 双精度(n,m)
    n表示总位数
    m表示小数位的位数
    pay float(5,2)
    最大999.99
    最小-999.99

    mysql> create table t1(id tinyint unsigned zerofill);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.40 sec)
    mysql> desc t1;
    +-------+------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id| tinyint(3) unsigned zerofill | YES| | NULL| |
    +-------+------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> create table t2(pay float(7,2));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.46 sec)

    mysql> desc t2;
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | pay | float(7,2) | YES| | NULL| |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> create table t4(
    -> age float(7,2),
    -> high float(3,2)
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)

    mysql> desc t4;
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | age | float(7,2) | YES| | NULL| |
    | high| float(3,2) | YES| | NULL| |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    insert into t4 values(11211,1.82);
    ###########################################################
    字符类型
    --定长:char(字符数)
    最大长度255字符
    不够指定字符数时再右边用空格补齐
    字符数超出时,无法写入数据
    --varchar(字符数)
    按数据实际大小分配存储空间
    字符数超出时,无法写入数据
    --大文本类型:text/blob
    字符数大与65535存储时使用
    mysql> create table t8(
    -> name char(10),
    -> class char(7),
    -> address char(15),
    -> mail varchar(30)
    -> );
    mysql> desc t8;
    +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | name| char(10)| YES| | NULL| |
    | class | char(7) | YES| | NULL| |
    | address | char(15)| YES| | NULL| |
    | mail| varchar(30) | YES| | NULL| |
    +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> insert into t8 values("jim","nsd1709","beijing","123456@qq.com")
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

    mysql> select * from t8;
    +------+---------+---------+---------------+
    | name | class | address | mail|
    +------+---------+---------+---------------+
    | jim| nsd1709 | beijing | 123456@qq.com |
    +------+---------+---------+---------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    ####################################################################
    日期时间类型:
    年year YYYY2017
    日期date YYYYMMDD20171220
    时间time HHMMSS 155302
    日期时间:
    datetime YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
    timestampYYYYMMDDHHMMSS

    mysql> create table t9(
    -> name char(10),
    -> age tinyint,
    -> s_year year,
    -> uptime time,
    -> birthday date,
    -> party datetime
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.37 sec)

    mysql> desc t9;
    +----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field| Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | name | char(10) | YES| | NULL| |
    | age| tinyint(4) | YES| | NULL| |
    | s_year | year(4)| YES| | NULL| |
    | uptime | time | YES| | NULL| |
    | birthday | date | YES| | NULL| |
    | party| datetime | YES| | NULL| |
    +----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> insert into t9 values("Tom",24,1992,073000,19920221122020,20180131122100);
    Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.04 sec)
    mysql> select * from t9;
    +------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
    | name | age| s_year | uptime | birthday | party |
    +------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
    | Tom| 24 | 1992 | 07:30:00 | 1992-02-21 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
    +------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    ####################################################
    时间函数
    now()获取调用次函数时的系统日期时间
    sysdate()执行时动态获得系统日期时间
    sleep(N) 休眠N秒
    curdate()获得当前的系统日期
    curtime()获得当前的系统时刻
    month()获得指定时间中的月份
    date() 获得指定时间中的日期
    time() 获取指定时间中的时刻

    mysql> select from t9;
    +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
    | name| age| s_year | uptime | birthday | party |
    +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
    | Tom | 24 | 1992 | 07:30:00 | 1992-02-21 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
    | Jerry | 25 | 1991 | 06:50:55 | 1991-08-19 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
    +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> insert into t9 values("kenji",19,year(now()),time(now()),date(now()),now());
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
    mysql> select
    from t9;
    +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
    | name| age| s_year | uptime | birthday | party |
    +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
    | Tom | 24 | 1992 | 07:30:00 | 1992-02-21 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
    | Jerry | 25 | 1991 | 06:50:55 | 1991-08-19 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
    | kenji | 19 | 2017 | 03:55:12 | 2017-12-20 | 2017-12-20 03:55:12 |
    +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    ###########################################################
    枚举类型:字段的值只能在列表的范围内选择
    字段名enum(值列表) 只能选择一个值,在赋值时可用数字选择。
    字段名set(值列表)多选

    mysql> create table t12( name char(10), sex enum("boy","girl"), yourlikes set("book","film","game","study") );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.43 sec)

    mysql> desc t12;
    +-----------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-----------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | name| char(10)| YES| | NULL| |
    | sex | enum('boy','girl')| YES| | NULL| |
    | yourlikes | set('book','film','game','study') | YES| | NULL| |
    +-----------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> insert into t12 values("ZhouMing","boy","book,film");
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

    mysql> select * from t12;
    +----------+------+-----------+
    | name | sex| yourlikes |
    +----------+------+-----------+
    | ZhouMing | boy| book,film |
    +----------+------+-----------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    ##############################################################
    约束条件:作用限制赋值
    --Null允许为空,默认设置
    --NO NULL 不允许为空
    Key 索引类型
    Default 设置默认值,缺省为NULL

    mysql> create table t13( name char(10) not null, sex enum('man','woman') not null default "man", age tinyint not null default 23 );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.37 sec)

    mysql> desc t13;
    +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | name| char(10)| NO | | NULL| |
    | sex | enum('man','woman') | NO | | man | |
    | age | tinyint(4)| NO | | 23| |
    +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> insert into t13(name) values("chihiro");
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

    mysql> select * from t13;
    +---------+-----+-----+
    | name| sex | age |
    +---------+-----+-----+
    | chihiro | man |23 |
    +---------+-----+-----+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    #######################################################
    修改表结构
    mysql> alter table 表名 执行动作;

    添加新字段
    -add字段(宽度)约束条件;
    -add字段(宽度)约束条件 first; //添加至表的最前面
    -add字段(宽度)约束条件 after 字段名;// 添加至指定字段名的后面

    删除字段
    -drop 字段名;

    修改字段类型
    -modify 字段 类型(宽度) 约束条件; //不可修改为与已有值冲突的类型

    修改字段名
    -change 源字段名 新字段名 类型(宽度) 约束条件;

    修改表名
    alter table 源表名 rename 新表名

    MySQL

    数字类型的宽度是显示宽度,不能够限制给字段赋值的大小,大小由类型决定。

    mysql> create table t21(
    -> name char(5),
    -> age int(2)
    -> );
    mysql> insert into t21 values("coco",1992);
    mysql> select * from t21;
    +------+------+
    | name | age|
    +------+------+
    | coco | 1992 |
    +------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    宽度不能限制字段大小,类型决定。可节约存储空间,age(2)宽度是2,但赋值能大于2

    mysql> create table t24(id int(2) zerofill,age int(5) zerofill);
    设定宽度,不够用0填充。(zerofii用0补位)
    mysql> insert into t24 values(7,7);
    mysql> select * from t24;
    +------+-------+
    | id | age |
    +------+-------+
    | 07 | 00007 |
    +------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    #################################################################
    一、mysql键值(限制如何给字段赋值)
    1.1 普通索引index
    1.1.1 什么是索引? 类似与“书的目录”树型目录结构
    eg:500页----->目录信息1-20----->正文21-500

    1.1.2索引的优点
    加快查询的速度

    1.1.2索引的缺点
    减慢写的速度(insert update delete)
    占用物理存储空间

    1.1.3使用普通索引index
    -索引使用规则
    字段的值允许重复,可以赋NULL值
    INDEX字段的KEY标志是MUL

    -查看索引
    desc 表名;
    show index from 表名;//查看索引信息的具体值
    创建索引
    默认使用的索引类型:BTREE(二叉树) 1-101-56-10 hash B+Tree
    create index 索引名 on 表名(字段名);
    1)建表时创建索引
    mysql> create table t25(
    -> name char(10),
    -> age int,
    -> sex enum("boy","girl"),
    -> index(sex),
    -> index(name)
    -> );
    mysql> desc t25;
    +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | name| char(10) | YES| MUL | NULL| |
    | age | int(11)| YES| | NULL| |
    | sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES| MUL | NULL| |
    +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> create index name on t21(name);//一般习惯将索引名与字段名相同
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
    2)在已有表创建索引
    mysql> desc t21;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | name| char(5) | YES| | NULL| |
    | age | int(2)| YES| | NULL| |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> create index name on t21(name);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
    ysql> desc t21;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | name| char(5) | YES| MUL | NULL| |
    | age | int(2)| YES| | NULL| |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> show index from t21\G
    1. row
    Table: t21
    Non_unique: 1
    Key_name: name
    Seq_in_index: 1
    Column_name: name
    Collation: A
    Cardinality: 1
    Sub_part: NULL
    Packed: NULL
    Null: YES
    Index_type: BTREE
    Comment:
    Index_comment:
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    删除
    drop index 索引名 on 表名;
    ###########################################################
    primary key主键
    注意事项
    -一个表中只能有一个primary key字段
    -对应的字段值不允许有重复,且不允许赋NULL值
    -如果有多个字段都作为PRIMARY KEY,称为复合主键,必须一起创建
    -主键字段的KEY标志是PRI
    通常与AUTO INCREMENT连用
    -经常把表中能够唯一标识记录的字段设置为主键字段【记录编号字段】
    1)已有表设主键
    mysql> drop index name on t25;
    mysql> desc t25;
    +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | name| char(10) | YES| | NULL| |
    | age | int(11)| YES| | NULL| |
    | sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES| MUL | NULL| |
    +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> select * from t25;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> alter table t25 add primary key(name);//只能有一个主键
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    mysql> alter table t25 drop primary key; //删除主键
    2)新建表,设主键
    mysql> create table t26(
    -> name char(10),
    -> age int,
    -> likes set("a","b","c"),
    -> primary key(name)
    -> );
    mysql> desc t26;
    +-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | name| char(10) | NO | PRI | NULL| |
    | age | int(11)| YES| | NULL| |
    | likes | set('a','b','c') | YES| | NULL| |
    +-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    建表时上例主建加在中间也可以
    eg:name char(10) primary key,
    效果与t26相同
    3)复合主键:多个字段一起做主键,字段不允许同时重复
    mysql> create table t28( cip char(15), port smallint, status enum("allow","deny") default "deny", primary key(cip,port) );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)

    mysql> desc t28;
    +--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field| Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | cip| char(15) | NO | PRI | NULL| |
    | port | smallint(6)| NO | PRI | NULL| |
    | status | enum('allow','deny') | YES| | deny| |
    +--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> alter table t28 drop primary key; //删除主键
    mysql> alter table t28 add primary key(cip,port);//添加主键

    4)与auto_increment 连用
    字段值自动增长
    eg: idnameageclass
    jim 21 1709
    让id字段的值自动增长 +1
    条件:主键并且是数字
    mysql> create table t29(
    -> id int(2) zerofill primary key auto_increment,
    -> name char(10),
    -> class char(10),
    -> index(name)
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)

    mysql> desc t29;
    +-------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra|
    +-------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id| int(2) unsigned zerofill | NO | PRI | NULL| auto_increment |
    | name| char(10) | YES| MUL | NULL||
    | class | char(10) | YES| | NULL||
    +-------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> insert into t29(name,class) values("tom","1709");
    mysql> insert into t29(name,class) values("jerry","1709");
    mysql> insert into t29 values(9,"jack","1709");//可自己赋值id,但id属于主键,不能同名
    mysql> insert into t29(name,class) values("rose","1709"); //自动增长会选择数字最大的值进行自动增长,之前设置id=9,再开启自动增长则为10
    mysql> select * from t29;
    +----+-------+-------+
    | id | name| class |
    +----+-------+-------+
    | 01 | tom | 1709|
    | 02 | jerry | 1709|
    | 09 | jack| 1709|
    | 10 | rose| 1709|
    +----+-------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> alter table t29 drop primary key;//无法删除主键,因为id设置为auto_increment自动增长,该命令必须是主键才可设立。
    ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
    mysql> alter table t29 modify id int; //修改字段类型,取消自动增长
    mysql> alter table t29 drop primary key;//删除主键成功
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (1.00 sec)
    ##########################################################
    UNIQUE唯一索引
    唯一索引不可赋相同值 ,可以为NULL
    1)建表的时候指定UNIQUE字段
    mysql> create table t211( stu_id char(9), name char(10), sex enum("boy","girl"), unique(stu_id) );指定学号为唯一索引
    mysql> desc t211;
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field| Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | stu_id | char(9)| YES| UNI | NULL| |
    | name | char(10) | YES| | NULL| |
    | sex| enum('boy','girl') | YES| | NULL| |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    #########################################################
    mysql> create table t212( stu_id char(9) not NULL, name char(10), sex enum("boy","girl"), unique(stu_id) );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec)
    //指定stu_id为唯一索引,但不允许它为空值,则描述信息显示stu_id为RPI,但实际上主键不存在也无法删除
    mysql> desc t212;
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field| Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | stu_id | char(9)| NO | PRI | NULL| |
    | name | char(10) | YES| | NULL| |
    | sex| enum('boy','girl') | YES| | NULL| |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    #######################################
    练习
    mysql> desc stuinfo
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
    | Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
    | name| varchar(15) | YES| | NULL| |
    | class | char(7) | YES| | NULL| |
    | party | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    alter table stuinfo add stu_id char(7) first
    create ubique index stu_id on stuinfo(name)
    alter table stuinfo add id int(2) zerofill primary key auto_increment;
    ###############################################################
    外键
    foreign key(字段名) references 表名(字段名)on uptate cascade on delete cascade同步更新,同步删除
    作用:限制给字段赋值的,值必须在指定表中指定字段值的范围里选择
    mysql> create table jfb(
    -> id int(2) primary key auto_increment,
    -> name char(10),
    -> pay float(7,2)
    -> )engine=innodb;
    建立参照表
    insert into jfb(name,pay)values("tom",20000),("lucy",20000);
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.07 sec)

    mysql> create table xsb( num int(2), name char(10), class char(9), foreign key(num) references jfb(id) on update cascade on delete cascade )engine=innodb;

    同步修改
    update 表名 set 字段名=值 where 条件; //条件就是原有的(字段名=值)
    同步删除
    delete from 表名 where 条件;
    被参考的表不能随意删除

    删除外键字段
    show create table 表名;
    alter table 表名 drop foreign key 外键名;

    eg:

    本案例要求熟悉MySQL索引的类型及操作方法,主要练习以下任务:
    普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引的创建/删除
    自增主键索引的创建/删除
    建立员工表yg、工资表gz,设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
    实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
    步骤一:索引的创建与删除

    创建表的时候指定INDEX索引字段
    创建库home:
    mysql> create database home;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    允许有多个INDEX索引字段。比如,以下操作在home库中创建了tea4表,将其中的id、name作为索引字段:
    mysql> USE home;
    Database changed
    mysql> CREATE TABLE tea4(
    -> id char(6) NOT NULL,
    -> name varchar(6) NOT NULL,
    -> age int(3) NOT NULL,
    -> gender ENUM('boy','girl') DEFAULT 'boy',
    -> INDEX(id),INDEX(name)
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)
    查看新建tea4表的字段结构,可以发现两个非空索引字段的KEY标志为MUL:
    mysql> DESC tea4;
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field| Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | char(6)| NO | MUL | NULL| |
    | name | varchar(6) | NO | MUL | NULL| |
    | age| int(3) | NO | | NULL| |
    | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES| | boy | |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    2)删除现有表的某个INDEX索引字段
    比如,删除tea4表中名称为named的INDEX索引字段:
    mysql> drop INDEX name ON tea4;//删除name字段的索引
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    mysql> DESC tea4;//确认删除结果
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field| Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | char(6)| NO | MUL | NULL| |
    | name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL| |
    | age| int(3) | NO | | NULL| |
    | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES| | boy | |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    3)在已有的某个表中设置INDEX索引字段
    比如,针对tea4表的age字段建立索引,名称为 nianling:
    mysql> CREATE INDEX nianling ON tea4(age);//针对指定字段创建索引
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.62 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    mysql> DESC tea4;//确认创建结果
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field| Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | char(6)| NO | MUL | NULL| |
    | name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL| |
    | age| int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL| |
    | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES| | boy | |
    +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    4)查看指定表的索引信息
    使用SHOW INDEX 指令:
    mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tea4\G
    1. row
    Table: tea4
    Non_unique: 1
    Key_name: id
    Seq_in_index: 1
    Column_name: id
    Collation: A
    Cardinality: 0
    Sub_part: NULL
    Packed: NULL
    Null:
    Index_type: BTREE//使用B树算法
    Comment:
    Index_comment:
    2. row
    Table: tea4
    Non_unique: 1
    Key_name: nianling //索引名称
    Seq_in_index: 1
    Column_name: age//字段名称
    Collation: A
    Cardinality: 0
    Sub_part: NULL
    Packed: NULL
    Null:
    Index_type: BTREE
    Comment:
    Index_comment:
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    5)创建表的时候指定UNIQUE索引字段
    UNIQUE表示唯一性的意思,同一个表中可以有多个字段具有唯一性。
    比如,创建tea5表,将id、name字段建立设置UNIQUE索引,age字段设置INDEX索引:
    mysql> CREATE TABLE tea5(
    -> id char(6),
    -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
    -> age int(3) NOT NULL,
    -> UNIQUE(id),UNIQUE(name),INDEX(age)
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
    查看新建tea5表的字段结构,可发现UNIQUE字段的KEY标志为UNI;另外,由于字段name必须满足“NOT NULL”的非空约束,所以将其设置为UNIQUE后会自动变成了PRIMARY KEY主键字段:
    mysql> DESC tea5;//确认设置结果
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id| char(6)| YES| UNI | NULL| |
    | name| varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL| |
    | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL| |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
    6)删除UNIQUE索引、在已有的表中设置UNIQUE索引字段
    先删除tea5表name字段的唯一索引(与删除INDEX索引的方法相同):
    mysql> DROP INDEX name ON tea5; //清除UNIQUE索引
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.97 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    mysql> DESC tea5;//确认删除结果
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id| char(6)| YES| UNI | NULL| |
    | name| varchar(4) | NO | | NULL| |
    | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL| |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    重新为tea5表的name字段建立UNIQUE索引,并确认结果:
    mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON tea5(name);//建立UNIQUE索引
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    mysql> DESC tea5;//确认设置结果
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id| char(6)| YES| UNI | NULL| |
    | name| varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL| |
    | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL| |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    7)建表时设置PRIMARY KEY主键索引
    主键索引实际上在前面已经接触过了,建表的时候可以直接指定。如果表内一开始没有主键字段,则新设置的非空UNIQUE字段相当于具有PRIMARY KEY主键约束。
    每个表中的主键字段只能有一个。
    建表的时候,可以直接在某个字段的“约束条件”部分指定PRIMARY KEY;也可以在最后指定PRIMARY KEY(某个字段名)。比如:
    mysql> CREATE TABLE biao01(
    -> id int(4) PRIMARY KEY,//直接在字段定义时约束
    -> name varchar(8)
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
    或者:
    mysql> CREATE TABLE biao02(
    -> id int(4),
    -> name varchar(8),
    -> PRIMARY KEY(id)//所有字段定义完,最后指定
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
    在建表的时候,如果主键字段为int类型,还可以为其设置AUTO_INCREMENT自增属性,这样当添加新的表记录时,此字段的值会自动从1开始逐个增加,无需手动指定。比如,新建一个tea6表,将id列作为自增的主键字段:
    mysql> CREATE TABLE tea6(
    -> id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
    -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
    -> age int(2) NOT NULL,
    -> PRIMARY KEY(id)
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)
    8)删除现有表的PRIMARY KEY主键索引
    如果要移除某个表的PRIMARY KEY约束,需要通过ALTER TABLE指令修改。比如,以下操作将清除biao01表的主键索引。
    清除前(主键为id):
    mysql> DESC biao01;
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id| int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL| |
    | name| varchar(8) | YES| | NULL| |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    清除操作:
    mysql> ALTER TABLE biao01 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    清除后(无主键):
    mysql> DESC biao01;
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id| int(4) | NO | | NULL| |
    | name| varchar(8) | YES| | NULL| |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    当尝试删除tea6表的主键时,会出现异常:
    mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
    ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
    这是因为tea6表的主键字段id具有AUTO_INCREMNET自增属性,提示这种字段必须作为主键存在,因此若要清除此主键必须先清除自增属性——修改id列的字段定义:
    mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 MODIFY id int(4) NOT NULL;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.75 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    然后再清除主键属性就OK了:
    mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;//清除主键
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    mysql> desc tea6; //确认清除结果
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id| int(4) | NO | | NULL| |
    | name| varchar(4) | NO | | NULL| |
    | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL| |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    9)为现有表添加PRIMARY KEY主键索引
    重新为tea6表指定主键字段,仍然使用id列:
    mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id);//设置主键字段
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    mysql> DESC tea6;//确认设置结果
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id| int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL| |
    | name| varchar(4) | NO | | NULL| |
    | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL| |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    步骤二:创建数据库并设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除

    根据实验任务要求,两个表格的字段结构如表-1、表-2所示。
    1)创建yg表,用来记录员工工号、姓名
    其中yg_id列作为主键,并设置自增属性
    mysql> CREATE TABLE yg(
    -> yg_id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
    -> name char(16) NOT NULL,
    -> PRIMARY KEY(yg_id)
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
    2)创建gz表,用来记录员工的工资信息
    其中gz_id需要参考员工工号,即gz表的gz_id字段设为外键,将yg表的yg_id字段作为参考键:
    mysql> CREATE TABLE gz(
    -> gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
    -> name char(16) NOT NULL,
    -> gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
    -> INDEX(name),
    -> FOREIGN KEY(gz_id) REFERENCES yg(yg_id)
    -> ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
    -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
    3)为yg表添加2条员工信息记录
    因yg_id有AUTO_INCREMENT属性,会自动填充,所以只要为name列赋值就可以了。
    插入表记录可使用INSERT指令,这里先执行下列操作,具体在下一章学习:
    mysql> INSERT INTO yg(name) VALUES('Jerry'),('Tom');
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.16 sec)
    Records: 2Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    确认yg表的数据记录:
    mysql> SELECT FROM yg;
    +-------+-------+
    | yg_id | name|
    +-------+-------+
    | 1 | Jerry |
    | 2 | Tom |
    +-------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    4)为gz表添加2条工资信息记录
    同上,数据参考图-2,插入相应的工资记录(gz_id字段未指定默认值,也未设置自增属性,所以需要手动赋值):
    mysql> INSERT INTO gz(gz_id,name,gz)
    -> VALUES(1,'Jerry',12000),(2,'Tom',8000)
    -> ;
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
    Records: 2Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    确认gz表的数据记录:
    mysql> SELECT
    FROM gz;
    +-------+-------+----------+
    | gz_id | name| gz |
    +-------+-------+----------+
    | 1 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
    | 2 | Tom |8000.00 |
    +-------+-------+----------+
    2 rows in set (0.05 sec)
    5)验证表记录的UPDATE更新联动
    将yg表中Jerry用户的yg_id修改为1234:
    mysql> update yg SET yg_id=1234 WHERE name='Jerry';
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
    Rows matched: 1Changed: 1Warnings: 0
    确认修改结果:
    mysql> SELECT FROM yg;
    +-------+-------+
    | yg_id | name|
    +-------+-------+
    | 2 | Tom |
    |1234 | Jerry |
    +-------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    同时也会发现,gz表中Jerry用户的gz_id也跟着变了:
    mysql> SELECT
    FROM gz;
    +-------+-------+----------+
    | gz_id | name| gz |
    +-------+-------+----------+
    |1234 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
    | 2 | Tom |8000.00 |
    +-------+-------+----------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    6)验证表记录的DELETE删除联动
    删除yg表中用户Jerry的记录:
    mysql> DELETE FROM yg WHERE name='Jerry';
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
    确认删除结果:
    mysql> SELECT FROM yg;
    +-------+------+
    | yg_id | name |
    +-------+------+
    | 2 | Tom|
    +-------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    查看gz表中的变化(Jerry的记录也没了):
    mysql> SELECT
    FROM gz;
    +-------+------+---------+
    | gz_id | name | gz|
    +-------+------+---------+
    | 2 | Tom| 8000.00 |
    +-------+------+---------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    7)删除指定表的外键约束
    先通过SHOW指令获取表格的外键约束名称:
    mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G
    1. row
    Table: gz
    Create Table: CREATE TABLE gz (
    gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
    name char(16) NOT NULL,
    gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
    KEY name (name),
    KEY gz_id (gz_id),
    CONSTRAINT gz_ibfk_1 FOREIGN KEY (gz_id) REFERENCES yg (yg_id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    其中gz_ibfk_1即删除外键约束时要用到的名称。
    删除操作:
    mysql> ALTER TABLE gz DROP FOREIGN KEY gz_ibfk_1;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
    确认删除结果:
    mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G
    1. row
    Table: gz
    Create Table: CREATE TABLE gz (
    gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
    name char(16) NOT NULL,
    gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
    KEY name (name),
    KEY gz_id (gz_id)
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    ##################################################

    MySQL存储引擎

    mysql服务体系结构:(8个功能模块)
    连接池
    sql接口
    分析器
    优化器
    查询缓存
    存储引擎
    文件系统
    查看数据库服务支持的存储引擎
    mysql> show engines;

    设置默认存储引擎
    vim /etc/my.cnf
    [mysqld]
    ... ...
    default-storage-engine=InnoDB
    常用的存储引擎为InnoDB和MyISAM

    create table 表名(约束条件) ENGINE=存储引擎名

    常用存储引擎的特点
    MyISAM
    表.MYI索引信息
    表.MYD数据
    表.frm表结构
    支持表级锁(锁一张表)
    不支持事务 事务回滚

    InnoDB存储引擎
    表.idb索引信息+数据
    表.frm表结构
    支持行级锁(只给当前被访问的行加锁)
    支持事务事务回滚

    MySQL锁机制
    锁粒度:表级锁、行级锁、页级锁
    锁类型:读锁(select)和写锁(insert delete update)

    事务:访问数据从开始到结束的过程
    事务回滚:一次访问过程中,任意一步执行失败,都会恢复所有操作
    事务的特性:一致性原子性 隔离性
    事务日志文件:记录对innodb存储引擎的表执行过的操作
    工作中如何决定表使用的存储引擎
    接收写操作多的表适合使用innodb存储引擎
    接收读操作多的表适合使用myisam存储引擎

    MySQL的搭设和基本的增删改操作.docx

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